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GNDU Queson Paper - 2021
Bachelor of Computer Applicaon (BCA) 5st Semester
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
Paper-III
Time Allowed – 3 Hours Maximum Marks-75
Note :- Aempt FIVE Queson in all. All Quesons carry equal marks .
1.Write any ten essenal features of a good website of a university.
2.Give dierences between client side and server side and server side programming. Which
languages are used for both ? Give an example of both.
3.What is server side programming ? Which are various dierences between ASP and JSP ?
4.Explain in-built funcon (with example) of PHP related with Strings, Arrays and Files.
5.Explainn DDL and DML statements of My SQL. How does My SQL dier from Oracle ?
6. What is error-handling ? Explain error-handling features of PHP. Give examples.
7.What is cookie ? What is its use ? Explain PHP in built funcons related with cookies.
8.Explain general architecture of e-commerce website. Which technologies are used in developing
e-commerce web site ?
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GNDU ANSWER PAPER-2021
Bachelor of Computer Applicaon (BCA) 5st Semester
WEB TECHNOLOGIES
1.Write any ten essenal features of a good website of a university.
Ans: Creang a good university website is crucial for providing a posive online experience to
students, faculty, sta, and visitors. Here are ten essenal features that make a university website
eecve and user-friendly:
1. **Clear Navigaon:** The website should have a well-organized menu with easily accessible links
to important secons like admissions, academics, campus life, and contact informaon. A search bar
can also help users nd specic informaon.
2. **Mobile-Friendly Design:** Ensure the website is responsive and works seamlessly on various
devices, including smartphones and tablets, as many users browse on mobile.
3. **Up-to-Date Informaon:** Keep all informaon current. Outdated content can frustrate users
and make your university seem less reliable.
4. **Admissions Informaon:** Prospecve students should nd comprehensive details about
admission requirements, applicaon deadlines, and procedures. Include downloadable applicaon
forms.
5. **Academic Programs:** Provide informaon about all academic programs, including course
descripons, faculty details, and any research opportunies.
6. **Campus Maps:** Include interacve campus maps that help users navigate the university.
Highlight key locaons like classrooms, oces, libraries, and recreaonal areas.
7. **Events Calendar:** A calendar showcasing upcoming events, including academic schedules,
campus acvies, and important dates, keeps everyone informed.
8. **Resources for Current Students:** Oer resources like academic calendars, student portals, and
access to e-learning plaorms. This can help students manage their academic lives eecvely.
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9. **Contact Informaon:** Display contact details for key university personnel, departments, and
support services, making it easy for users to get in touch.
10. **Accessibility:** Ensure that the website is accessible to individuals with disabilies by
providing features like alt text for images and readable fonts.
By incorporang these features, a university website can provide a user-friendly, informave, and
trustworthy plaorm for students, sta, and the wider community. Regularly updang the website
and seeking user feedback can help maintain its eecveness and relevance.
2.Give dierences between client side and server side and server side programming.
Which languages are used for both ? Give an example of both.
Ans: Client-side and server-side programming are two fundamental approaches in web
development, each serving dierent purposes and using disnct languages. Here's a simple
explanaon of their dierences and examples of languages used for both:
1. Client-side Programming
Client-side programming refers to the development of code and scripts that run on the user's web
browser, rather than on the server. It is a crucial aspect of web development and is responsible for
creang interacve and dynamic user interfaces. In client-side programming, the code is executed on
the user's device, allowing for faster and more responsive user experiences.
Key technologies and languages associated with client-side programming include:
1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): HTML is the standard markup language for creang
the structure of web pages. It provides a way to dene the elements on a webpage, such as
headings, paragraphs, images, and links.
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is used to style the HTML elements and control their
layout. It allows developers to dene the visual presentaon of a web page, including
aspects like fonts, colors, spacing, and posioning.
3. JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripng language that enables client-side interacvity. It allows
developers to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM) dynamically, making it
possible to update content, handle user input, and create responsive interfaces. JavaScript is
a key component for building modern web applicaons
4. jQuery: jQuery is a fast and lightweight JavaScript library that simplies tasks like DOM
manipulaon, event handling, and AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) requests. While
its usage has declined with the rise of modern JavaScript frameworks, it played a signicant
role in simplifying web development in the past.
5. React, Angular, and Vue.js:These are popular JavaScript frameworks for building user
interfaces. They allow developers to create reusable components and manage the state of an
applicaon eciently. React is maintained by Facebook, Angular by Google, and Vue.js is an
independent open-source project
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6. Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a front-end framework that simplies the design of responsive and
mobile-friendly websites. It includes pre-designed components and styles that developers
can use to quickly build a visually appealing user interface.
7. Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML): Ajax is a technique that allows web pages to be
updated asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the
scenes. This enables smoother and faster user interacons without requiring a full page
reload.
8. WebAssembly (Wasm): While not a language itself, WebAssembly is a binary instrucon
format that enables high-performance execuon of code on web browsers. It allows
languages like C, C++, and Rust to be compiled to a format that can run in the browser
alongside JavaScript
Client-side programming is essenal for creang dynamic and interacve web applicaons, providing
a seamless user experience by reducing the need for constant communicaon with the server and
allowing more processing to occur on the user's device.
2. Server Side Programming :
Server-side programming is like having a waiter at a restaurant. Imagine you go to a restaurant, and
you sit at a table. You, as the customer, want to order some food. Instead of going to the kitchen
(which is like the server or computer), you tell your order to the waiter (which is like the server-side
program).
In the digital world, when you use a website or an app, there's a lot happening behind the scenes.
The server is like the kitchen, where all the data and informaon are stored and processed. The
server-side program is like the waiter, taking your requests (such as opening a webpage or subming
a form) and bringing back the results from the kitchen (sending you the requested data).
Here are some key points to simplify server-side programming:
Client and Server Interacon:
Imagine you're at a drive-thru. You (the client) place an order by talking into the microphone. The
person inside (the server) takes your order, prepares it, and gives it back to you. In the digital world,
this communicaon happens between your device (like a computer or smartphone) and the server.
1. Processing Requests:
When you click on a link or submit a form on a website, your request travels to the server.
The server-side program receives this request, processes it (like fetching data from a
database or performing some calculaons), and sends back the result to your device.
2. Dynamic Content:
Think of a restaurant menu that changes based on the me of day or the availability of
ingredients. Similarly, server-side programming allows websites and apps to show dynamic
content. The server can generate dierent responses based on the user's request or the
current state of the applicaon.
3. Database Interacon:
Consider a chef consulng a recipe book to prepare your meal. In server-side programming,
the server oen interacts with a database, which is like a digital recipe book. It stores and
retrieves data, ensuring that the server can provide the informaon you need.
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4. Security Measures:
In a restaurant, you trust that the waiter will bring you the right order. Similarly, server-side
programming includes security measures to ensure that data exchanges between your device and
the server are safe and protected from unauthorized access.
5. Eciency:
Just as a good waiter makes sure you get your food quickly, server-side programming aims for
eciency. It involves opmizing code and processes to deliver a smooth and fast experience for
users.
6. Updates and Maintenance:
Think of the restaurant sta updang the menu or xing a broken stove. Similarly, server-side
programming involves maintaining and updang the server-side code to improve performance,
x bugs, and add new features.
In summary, server-side programming is like the behind-the-scenes work in a restaurant. It involves
handling requests, processing data, and ensuring that users get the informaon they need when
using websites or apps. Just like a waiter at a restaurant makes your dining experience smooth,
server-side programs make your digital interacons seamless.
Here are key aspects and technologies associated with server-side programming:
1. **Server-Side Languages:**
• PHP:A server-side scripng language widely used for web development. PHP is embedded in
HTML and is known for its simplicity and ease of integraon with databases.
• Python (Django, Flask): Python is a versale language used for various applicaons, including
web development. Django and Flask are popular Python frameworks for building web
applicaons.
• Ruby (Ruby on Rails):Ruby is another scripng language, and Ruby on Rails is a framework
that simplies the development of database-backed web applicaons.
• Node.js (JavaScript):While JavaScript is tradionally a client-side language, Node.js allows
developers to use JavaScript on the server side. It is parcularly well-suited for building
scalable and real-me applicaons.
2. Databases:
MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB:** These are examples of databases that store and manage data on
the server. MySQL and PostgreSQL are relaonal databases, while MongoDB is a NoSQL database
that stores data in a JSON-like format.
3. Server-Side Frameworks:
• Express.js (for Node.js): A minimal and exible Node.js web applicaon framework that
provides a robust set of features for web and mobile applicaons.
• Django (for Python): A high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid
development and clean, pragmac design.
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• Ruby on Rails (for Ruby): A full-stack web applicaon framework wrien in Ruby that follows
the Model-View-Controller (MVC) paern.
4. Security:
- Server-side programming is crucial for implemenng security measures to protect against
common web vulnerabilies, such as SQL injecon, cross-site scripng (XSS), and cross-site request
forgery (CSRF).
5. Session Management and Authencaon:
- Server-side programming is responsible for managing user sessions and implemenng
authencaon mechanisms to ensure secure access to resources
Server-side programming and client-side programming work together to create dynamic and
interacve web applicaons. The server-side handles the business logic, database interacons, and
security, while the client-side takes care of the user interface and interacvity. The communicaon
between these two sides is oen facilitated by APIs.
Example:
Suppose you have a website for an online store. The client-side code (HTML, CSS, and JavaScript) is
responsible for displaying the product informaon, allowing you to lter products, and adding items
to your shopping cart. When you click "Add to Cart," the client-side code communicates with the
server-side code.
The server-side code (let's say it's wrien in Python) receives your request, checks the product
availability, updates your shopping cart in the database, and sends back a response. It also handles
user authencaon and manages the overall funconality of the online store
In summary, client-side programming deals with the user interface and interacons in the web
browser, while server-side programming manages the server's logic, data processing, and
communicaon with the client. These two types of programming work together to create a complete
and dynamic web experience.
3.What is server side programming ? Which are various dierences between ASP and JSP ?
Ans:Server-side programming is a type of computer programming where the code is executed on a
web server rather than on the user's device (like a computer or smartphone). It is a fundamental part
of web development, enabling websites to perform complex tasks and deliver dynamic content to
users. When you visit a website and interact with it, much of what happens behind the scenes is
server-side programming.
ASP (Acve Server Pages) and JSP (JavaServer Pages) are two popular technologies for server-side
programming, but they have some key dierences:
1. Technology Stack:
o ASP is developed by Microso and primarily used with their Windows Server and Internet
Informaon Services (IIS).
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o JSP is based on Java and is plaorm-independent, making it compable with various web
servers.
2. Language:
o ASP uses languages like VBScript or JScript for scripng.
o JSP uses Java, which is known for its portability and strong support in the enterprise world.
3. Ease of Learning:
o ASP is generally considered easier for beginners due to its simpler syntax and extensive
documentaon.
o JSP, being based on Java, can be more challenging for beginners but oers greater exibility
for complex applicaons.
4. Performance:
o ASP can be less ecient than JSP because it's ed to the Windows plaorm and may require
more server resources.
o JSP can be more ecient due to Java's opmizaon and plaorm-independence.
5. Ecosystem:
o ASP is closely integrated with other Microso technologies, making it a good choice for
organizaons that use a Microso-centric stack.
o JSP is part of the Java ecosystem, which is widely adopted in enterprise environments, and it
can easily integrate with other Java-based technologies.
6. Community and Support:
o ASP has a strong community and support, especially for Windows-based web development.
o JSP benets from the vast Java community and a wealth of open-source libraries and
frameworks.
In summary, server-side programming is essenal for creang dynamic web applicaons. ASP and JSP
are two opons, with ASP being more accessible for Windows-based setups and JSP being a versale
choice with a strong Java ecosystem. The choice between them depends on your specic project
requirements and your exisng technology stack.
4. Explain in-built funcon (with example) of PHP related with Strings, Arrays and Files.
Ans: Certainly! PHP is a versale programming language that oers a wide range of built-in funcons
to work with strings, arrays, and les. I'll explain some of the most commonly used funcons for each
of these data types with simple examples.
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String Funcons:
• strlen(): This funcon is used to nd the length (number of characters) of a string.
Example:
• str_replace(): This funcon is used to replace a specic substring with another substring in a
given string.
Example:
1. Array Funcons:
• array_push(): This funcon adds one or more elements to the end of an array.
Example:
• array_pop(): This funcon removes and returns the last element from an array.
Example:
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3. File Funcons:
• le_get_contents(): This funcon reads the contents of a le and returns it as a string.
Example:
• le_put_contents(): This funcon writes data to a le. It can create a new le or overwrite
the content of an exisng one.
Example:
These are just a few examples of the many built-in funcons in PHP that can help you work with
strings, arrays, and les. These funcons simplify common operaons and are essenal for web
development and other PHP applicaons.
5.Explainn DDL and DML statements of My SQL. How does My SQL dier from Oracle ?
Ans: DDL and DML statements in MySQL and highlight the dierences between MySQL and Oracle
in easy-to-understand language
DDL (Data Denion Language) in MySQL:
DDL statements in MySQL are used for dening, altering, and managing the structure of your
database. They don't deal with the actual data but focus on the database schema. Here are some
common DDL statements in MySQL:
1. CREATE: This statement is used to create new database objects like tables, indexes, or views.
2. ALTER: It is used to modify the structure of exisng database objects. You can add or remove
columns, change data types, or rename objects.
3. DROP: DROP is used to delete exisng database objects, such as tables, indexes, or even the enre
database.
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4. TRUNCATE: This is used to delete all the data from a table but keep the table structure intact.
DML (Data Manipulaon Language) in MySQL:
DML statements in MySQL deal with the actual data stored in the database. They allow you to insert,
update, and retrieve data from your tables. Here are some common DML statements in MySQL:
1. SELECT: SELECT is used to retrieve data from one or more tables. It allows you to specify which
columns you want to retrieve and apply lters to the data.
2. INSERT: INSERT is used to add new rows of data into a table.
3. UPDATE: UPDATE allows you to modify exisng data in a table. You can specify which rows to
update and what values to set.
4.DELETE: DELETE is used to remove rows from a table based on a specied condion.
Dierences between MySQL and Oracle:
1. Licensing and Cost:One of the most signicant dierences is the licensing and cost. Oracle is
known for being expensive and has complex licensing models, while MySQL is open-source and
generally free to use
2. Ease of Use:MySQL is oen considered easier to set up and use, especially for small to medium-
sized applicaons. Oracle, on the other hand, can be more complex and requires a steeper learning
curve.
3. Features:Oracle oers a broader range of features and capabilies, making it suitable for large
enterprise-level applicaons. MySQL is more popular for web applicaons and smaller-scale projects.
4. Performance: Oracle tends to have beer performance and scalability opons, but this comes at a
higher cost. MySQL can handle most common workloads eecvely.
5. Community and Support: MySQL has a robust open-source community and various online
resources for support. Oracle has extensive commercial support but at a signicant cost.
6. Replicaon and High Availability:MySQL oers built-in replicaon and clustering features, but
Oracle provides more advanced opons for high availability and disaster recovery.
In summary, MySQL and Oracle both have their strengths and weaknesses. Your choice between the
two depends on the specic needs of your project, your budget, and your experse in managing the
database system.
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6. What is error-handling ? Explain error-handling features of PHP. Give examples.
Ans: Error handling in PHP is a crucial aspect of wring robust and reliable web applicaons. It
involves dealing with unexpected issues and excepons that can occur during the execuon of your
PHP code. Error handling helps you idenfy, report, and gracefully manage errors, ensuring your
applicaon doesn't crash or reveal sensive informaon to users. PHP provides several features to
handle errors eecvely.
1. Error Types:
• Noces: These are non-crical issues like accessing undened variables. They won't halt the
script's execuon.
• Warnings: More serious than noces, warnings might indicate problems but won't stop the
script.
• Errors: These are crical issues that can stop the script's execuon if not handled.
• Excepons: PHP supports structured excepon handling with `try`, `catch`, and `throw`. You
can create custom excepons to handle specic errors.
2. Displaying Errors:
PHP allows you to control how errors are displayed:
o display_errors: Set to "On" in development to show errors directly on the web page. Set to
"O" in producon to log errors without displaying them.
o error_reporng: Congure which types of errors are displayed and logged.
3. Logging Errors:
o Use `error_log()` to record errors in log les for later analysis.
o PHP can be congured to log errors in various ways, like to a le or a system log.
4. Custom Error Handling:
You can dene custom error handling funcons using `set_error_handler()` and
`set_excepon_handler()`. This allows you to control how errors are handled and logged. For
example:
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5. Excepon Handling:
PHP supports structured excepon handling for more complex error scenarios. For instance:
In summary, error handling in PHP involves idenfying, reporng, and managing dierent types of
issues that can occur in your code. By customizing error handling funcons, controlling error display,
and ulizing excepon handling, you can create robust PHP applicaons that gracefully handle errors,
ensuring a smoother user experience and easier debugging.
7.What is cookie ? What is its use ? Explain PHP in built funcons related with cookies.
Ans: A cookie is a small piece of data that a website stores on your computer or device when you
visit it. It's not an actual tasty cookie you can eat, but rather a text le with informaon. Cookies are
used by websites for several purposes:
1. Remembering Informaon: Cookies can store informaon like your login credenals, shopping
cart items, or website preferences. So, when you return to a website, it can recognize you and
provide a more personalized experience.
2. Tracking and Analycs: Websites use cookies to gather data about how you use their site. This
helps them understand user behavior, improve their services, and target adversements more
eecvely.
3.Session Management: Cookies can be used to maintain a session between your browser and the
website's server. This is crucial for acvies like online banking or email, where you need to stay
logged in.
4. User Tracking: Somemes, websites use cookies for tracking user acvity across dierent
websites. This is what allows you to see ads related to your interests, but it also raises privacy
concerns.
In PHP, a popular server-side scripng language for web development, there are built-in funcons to
work with cookies. Here are some of the key PHP funcons related to cookies:
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1. setcookie(): This funcon is used to set a cookie. It takes several parameters, such as the cookie
name, value, expiraon me, and path.
For example:
This code sets a cookie named "username" with the value "john_doe" that expires in one hour ("/"
species it's available across the enre website).
2. $_COOKIE: This is a superglobal array in PHP that holds all the cookies sent by the client. You can
access the value of a cookie like this:
3. isset(): You can use this funcon to check if a cookie is set before trying to access it. This is
important to avoid errors if the cookie doesn't exist:
4. unset(): To delete a cookie, you can use `unset()` and set its expiraon me in the past. This will
eecvely remove the cookie from the user's device:
Cookies are a powerful tool for web developers, but they should be used responsibly to respect user
privacy and provide a beer browsing experience.
8.Explain general architecture of e-commerce website. Which technologies are used in
developing e-commerce web site ?
Ans: Creang a successful e-commerce website involves a complex architecture that combines
various technologies to provide a seamless and secure shopping experience for users. Here's an easy-
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to-understand explanaon of the general architecture and the key technologies used in developing
an e-commerce website:
1. Front-End Development:
o User Interface (UI): This is what users see and interact with. It includes web pages, product
lisngs, and the shopping cart. Technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are used to
design and create these elements.
o Responsive Design: Websites need to work on dierent devices (desktop, tablet, and
mobile). Responsive design ensures that the site adapts to various screen sizes and
resoluons.
o User Experience (UX): Making the website user-friendly and easy to navigate is crucial. UX
designers use wireframes and prototypes to plan how the website will work.
o Content Management System (CMS): A CMS, like WordPress or Shopify, helps manage
content, products, and user data.
2. Back-End Development:
o Server: This is where the website's logic resides. Technologies like PHP, Python, Ruby, or
Node.js are used to build the server.
o Database: To store product informaon, customer data, and orders, databases like MySQL,
PostgreSQL, or MongoDB are employed
o Server-Side Frameworks: Frameworks like Django, Ruby on Rails, or Express.js simplify back-
end development, making it easier to manage data and user interacons.
o Security: Security is crical in e-commerce. Techniques like encrypon (HTTPS), rewalls, and
regular security audits help protect user data.
3. Payment Processing:
o Payment gateways like PayPal, Stripe, or Square are integrated to allow customers to make
secure transacons.
4. Inventory Management:
o E-commerce sites need a way to track and manage their products. Inventory management
soware helps ensure that products are in stock and up-to-date.
5. Search Funconality:
o To help users nd products quickly, search engines and lters are integrated. Elascsearch
and Solr are popular choices.
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6. Shopping Cart:
o The shopping cart stores products selected by the user unl they are ready to make a
purchase. It relies on cookies and databases.
7. User Accounts and Proles:
o Users can create accounts, save shipping informaon, and view order history. Technologies
like user authencaon and session management are used.
8. Order Processing:
o When a customer places an order, the website needs to handle order conrmaon,
payment processing, and inventory adjustments.
9. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs):
o CDNs are used to ensure fast loading mes by caching and serving website content from
servers located closer to the user
10. Analycs and Reporng:
o Tools like Google Analycs help track user behavior, sales, and website performance.
11. Mobile Applicaons:
o Many e-commerce websites also oer mobile apps for a beer shopping experience on
smartphones and tablets.
12. SEO (Search Engine Opmizaon):
o SEO pracces are implemented to improve the website's visibility in search engines.
In conclusion, e-commerce websites are a sophiscated blend of front-end design, back-end
development, security measures, and various integraons to create a user-friendly and secure
shopping experience. The specic technologies used may vary, but these are the fundamental
components of their architecture.
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